肝臟到底有幾重要?營養師講解慢性肝病營養貼士

肝臟有什麼重要的功能?

肝臟屬於人體其中一個最大的器官1,有五百多項功能1。肝臟會幫助人體解毒,分解毒素從而降低當中毒性1,2,讓人體可接受。人體營養的代謝也與肝有關1,肝還會儲存肝糖、維他命和礦物質1,有需要時備用。肝還有一樣重要的功能,它會分泌膽汁1,替我們消化食物裏的脂肪,所以其實肝臟會做很多事情。

根據研究和一些臨床觀察,不健康的生活或飲食習慣,例如缺乏做運動3、高脂肪、高糖的飲食習慣4,經常喝酒5,都會影響到肝臟。肝臟細胞被破壞,可能會出現脂肪肝或肝炎4,嚴重會引致肝硬化等情況。

慢性肝病可能會引發甚麼營養問題?

因蛋白質和脂肪都靠肝臟處理,如果肝臟有問題,病人很多時候會出現營養不良的問題。患有肝病的病人可能會受到肝病影響,胃口變差6,進食份量可能會減少,因此容易出現營養不良6、電解質失衡7、肌肉流失、或者精神狀態差的情況6,8

給慢性肝病患者的營養建議

其實肝病患者,尤其是有肝炎、肝硬化或肝癌病人,他們需要較多蛋白質,每公斤需要大概1.2克至1.5克蛋白質9,比一般人的要求多了20至50%10。而且有時病人的胃口與進食能力沒那麼高,所以他們都需要進食優質蛋白質,特別是支鏈氨基酸蛋白質9,例如雞蛋、魚類、肉類和豆腐11。肝臟、腦部和心臟12都需要支鏈氨基酸作為營養,如果不足夠的話,有可能會出現肝性腦病變情況12。營養師遇到這些病人,都有機會建議他們服用含支鏈氨基酸的補充劑,幫助減輕肝臟相關的營養不良問題12,以及其他併發症12。另外,有研究指出,這些含有BCAA,即支鏈氨基酸的食物,除了有助提供肝臟和心臟所需的營養外,還可以減低肌肉流失,增加肌肉合成12,所以某程度上,這些營養補充劑也頗能夠幫助肝病病人。

當然,除了氨基酸重要之外,他們都要有足夠的營養,例如應選擇優質的碳水化合物13,減少甜食和糖分高的東西,白麵包、白粥等就比較沒那麼有益。他們可以選用例如紅米、糙米或麥包,這些食物對肝臟健康也有幫助。脂肪也很重要,肝臟比較喜歡一些較優質的脂肪,我們經常提到的單元不飽和脂肪13,例如橄欖油、芥花籽油及牛油果油,可避免肝臟受到不好的營養傷害。最後當然要有足夠的維他命和礦物質,尤其是在肝病病人身上,若攝取維他命或礦物質不足14,他們的抵抗力和精神也會較差。

參考資料:

  1. Columbia Surgery. The Liver and Its Funtions. Accessed from https://columbiasurgery.org/liver/liver-and-its-functions. Accessed on 28 Nov 2023.

  2. Kubes, P., & Jenne, C. (2018). Immune responses in the liver. Annual review of immunology, 36, 247-277.

  3. Rector, R. S., & Thyfault, J. P. (2011). Does physical inactivity cause nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?. Journal of applied physiology, 111(6), 1828-1835.

  4. Vancells Lujan, P., Vinas Esmel, E., & Sacanella Meseguer, E. (2021). Overview of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the role of sugary food consumption and other dietary components in its development. Nutrients, 13(5), 1442.

  5. Roerecke, M., Vafaei, A., Hasan, O. S., Chrystoja, B. R., Cruz, M., Lee, R., … & Rehm, J. (2019). Alcohol consumption and risk of liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American journal of gastroenterology, 114(10), 1574.

  6. Dhaliwal, A., & Armstrong, M. J. (2020). Sarcopenia in cirrhosis: A practical overview. Clinical Medicine, 20(5), 489.

  7. Singh, Y., Nagar, D., Singh, M., & Maroof, M. (2022). Study of electrolyte disturbance in chronic liver disease patients attending a hospital in Kumaon region. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 11(8), 4479.

  8. Sun, T., Feng, M., Manyande, A., Xiang, H., Xiong, J., & He, Z. (2023). Regulation of mild cognitive impairment associated with liver disease by humoral factors derived from the gastrointestinal tract and MRI research progress: A literature review. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1206417.

  9. Bischoff, S. C., Bernal, W., Dasarathy, S., Merli, M., Plank, L. D., Schütz, T., & Plauth, M. (2020). ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clinical nutrition, 39(12), 3533-3562.

  10. Richter, M., Baerlocher, K., Bauer, J. M., Elmadfa, I., Heseker, H., Leschik-Bonnet, E., … & German Nutrition Society (DGE). (2019). Revised reference values for the intake of protein. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 74(3), 242-250.

  11. Zheng, L., Cai, J., Feng, Y. H., Su, X., Chen, S. Y., Liu, J. Z., … & Ye, Y. B. (2022). The association between dietary branched-chain amino acids and the risk of cardiovascular diseases in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: A hospital-based case–control study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 999189.

  12. Lam, V. W., & Poon, R. T. (2008). Role of branched‐chain amino acids in management of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology Research, 38, S107-S115.

  13. British Liver Trust. Diet and cirrhosis. Accessed from https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/living-with-a-liver-condition/diet-and-liver-disease/cirrhosis-and-diet/. Accessed on 28 Nov 2023.

  14. Licata, A., Zerbo, M., Como, S., Cammilleri, M., Soresi, M., Montalto, G., & Giannitrapani, L. (2021). The role of vitamin deficiency in liver disease: to supplement or not supplement?. Nutrients, 13(11), 4014.

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